Articles

This article explains who qualifies as an accredited investor under National Instrument 45‑106, outlining the objective tests (financial assets, income thresholds, and net asset minimums) and common prospectus exemptions. It highlights practical evidence and verification expectations, frequent exam traps like excluding the primary residence, and the difference between accredited investor status and registration concepts such as permitted client.

Plain‑language map of Canadian securities regulators (AMF, OSC, CSA, CIRO). Who does what — registration, enforcement, exchanges, SROs — and practical steps for advisers and firms operating across pro

Working in regulated investment environments means a misplaced email or ignored red flag can turn a compliance issue into a criminal prosecution. This article explains how the Criminal Code applies to securities-related offences, how it intersects with the PCMLTFA/FINTRAC AML regime, and what investment professionals must do to minimise criminal risk.

Understand when to treat a client as retail versus institutional under the Client Focused Reforms (CFRs) and how that distinction changes your KYC, KYP, suitability and relationship disclosure obligations. This concise guide links CFRs to NI 31‑103 and NI 45‑106 so advisors and CIRE exam candidates know what to ask, disclose and document.

This guide explains who qualifies as an institutional client under CIRO, covering status-based categories, the $10M asset consent route, and account-specific hedger treatment. It highlights verification and documentation obligations, aggregation rules for the $10M test, and which regulatory duties still apply when a client receives institutional treatment.

Practical guide for Canadian CPAs: fastest pivots into FP&A, treasury, public sector and recruiting; real timelines, risks, and a 90‑day plan to compete.

A practical, evidence-based career map for Canadian finance professionals: roles, how they connect, salaries, certification costs/timelines (CFA, CFP, CPA, CIM), day-to-day, and realistic pros/cons to

A concise guide for Canadian firms and individuals that must register as Investment Dealers (IDs). Covers when registration is required under NI 31-103, key CIRO approval categories, and the main regulatory tests for capital, governance, and fitness.

Compare Investment Representative vs Investment Advisor in Canada: duties, regulator differences (MFDA vs IIROC), required courses and credentials, day‑to‑day work, and salary benchmarks ($60K–$250K).

This guide breaks down what a Registered Representative (RR) actually does, focusing on compliant, client-centered practices — from KYC and suitability to order routing and supervisory responsibilities. Practical pointers help CIRE candidates and front-line RRs understand the rationale behind documentation, discretionary limits, and best execution.

CIRO (the Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization) is the national self‑regulatory organization that governs dealer members and approved persons, though its legal powers depend on provincial recognition orders and delegation agreements. This article explains where CIRO’s binding rulebooks (Dealer Member Rules, UMIR) apply, what non‑binding guidance means, and why those distinctions matter for compliance and exam preparation.

A concise, practical guide mapping who enforces what in Canada’s investment ecosystem, with a focus on FSRA's supervisory role in Ontario. Designed for compliance professionals, trading desks and CIRE candidates, it explains the responsibilities and enforcement tools of FSRA, FINTRAC, IMET, OSFI, UMIR and other key players.